Fabrication of phosphor in glass using waste glass for automotive lighting application

Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 4456 (2023) Cite this article

672 Accesses

1 Altmetric

Metrics details

An Author Correction to this article was published on 09 May 2023

This article has been updated

With advancement of technology, requirements for light-emitting devices are increasing. Various types of packaging technologies have been suggested to improve the performance of light-emitting diode (LED). Among them, phosphor in glass (PiG) is attracting attention due to its manufactural facility and easily tunable characteristics. As PiG draws increasing attention, research on glass materials is also being actively conducted. However, studies about glass in the field of phosphor are mainly conducted on fabrication. Only a few studies about recycling have been reported. Thus, the objective of this study was to recycle waste glass discarded in other fields due to breakage and failure and use it to fabricate phosphor in glass. Cylindrical waste glass was pulverized into powder with an average size of 12 μm, mixed with a phosphor and sintered to be reborn as a phosphor in glass to broaden the recycling route for waste glass.

In the age of Net-Zero, white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have received great attention in the global high-power LED market1,2,3. They are mainly used in technologies that output high bright light in fields of backlight, plant growth and automotive lighting4,5,6. WLEDs currently used commercially are implementing a technology using a complementary color relationship by combining a blue InGaN blue chip with a yellow cerium doped yttrium aluminate garnet (YAG: Ce3+) phosphor mixed with silicon resin. However, silicone resin generally used for packaging YAG:Ce3+ phosphor is not suitable for high-power LED applications because those polymers can be easily damaged by heat or start to darken with time and UV irradiation1. To replace those, various types of packaging technologies such as single crystal (SC), ceramic phosphor (CP) and phosphor in glass (PiG) have been developed7,8,9. Among them, SC and CP can lead to better thermal and optical properties than other types. However, their manufacturing process is complicated, requiring very high temperature conditions10,11. Therefore, PiG has attracted lots of attention as a technology that can satisfy conditions such as high luminescence performance and low manufacturing cost12,13. Furthermore, compared to other types, PiG can be manufactured by combining multiple PiG components with the advantage of easily controlling the emission of PiG14,15,16.

Glass is used in various fields for many kinds of products, such as plate glass, bottle glass, LCD glass and fluorescent lamp glass in everyday life due to its advantages such as excellent optical properties, chemical stability, and low cost17,18,19. Glass recycling is very important in terms of resource saving, energy saving and waste disposal. Waste recycling limits the negative environmental impact of human industrial activities by reducing the production of raw materials20,21,22. In general, waste glass is recycled by sorting the type according to the purpose. However, most recycled waste glass has no record of use except for bottle making and construction aggregates23,24. It is necessary to continuously develop technologies to use waste glass, which is difficult to recycle due to breakage, as a raw material for other applications it would have to be high temperature process using a lot of energy25.

In this study, we report the fabrication of PiGs using waste glass that cannot be used due to breakage and defects. Waste glass, which was initially in the form of a cylinder, was prepared in a powder form through a coarse grinding/fine grinding process. It was then mixed with a phosphor to prepare PiGs. Results showed that PiGs manufactured from waste glass could achieve superior quality to commercial products. Yellow and amber PiGs manufactured using waste glass carried out in this study can be applied to headlights and side turn signals while complying with carbon reduction policies and reducing resource waste.

Cylinder-shaped waste glass was hammered into small chunks. The shattered glass was coarsely ground in a mortar into smaller particles, which were then finely ground by putting them together with a ZrO2 ceramic ball in a planetary mixer. A glass frit was obtained by finally filtering the pulverized sample through a sieve.

PiGs were prepared by mixing the glass frit mentioned in the previous section and yellow YAG: Ce3+ and amber europium-doped Can-1.5xSi12-m-nAlm+nOnN16-n (Ca-α-SiAlON) phosphors, respectively. Glass frit, phosphor, Ethanol, and mixing ball were put in a mixing bottle and sealed with parafilm. The cover was closed and milling was performed. The content ratio of yellow or orange phosphor and the glass frit was 1:5. After mixing, samples were quantified and pellets were prepared in a size of 3 inches. The prepared pellets were heat-treated at 650 °C for 1 h in an air atmosphere. They were then polished and diced to prepare square-shaped phosphor converters.

A detailed process for preparing glass frits and PiGs is shown in Fig. 1.

(a) Pulverizing process of cylindrical waste glass. (b) Fabrication process of PiG.

X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8-Advance) analysis was performed to evaluate the crystallinity of synthesized materials. Optical characterization of PiGs was performed by fluorescence spectroscopy (Fluorescence, Scinco, FS-2, Korea). Electroluminescence characteristic was performed by integrating spheres (PSI Co., Ltd/Korea) under blue LED. Particle morphology and chemical composition were measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, JEOL, JSM-7600F with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)). For the surface morphology and component analysis of PiGs, the specimens were processed with an ion-beam cross-section polisher.

Cylindrical waste glass that could not be used for their original purposes due to fracture, failure, or scratches were ground in coarse and fine processes to fabricate glass frit. The prepared glass frit from the waste glass was applied to make PiGs by combining it with phosphor. Figure 2 shows morphology changes of waste glass in the grinding process.

Photographs of glass for each step.

To confirm the reproducibility and yield of the grinding process, six specimens fabricated under the same condition were compared. When 300 g of waste glass was put in the grinding process under 500 rpm for 20 min, 185 g of glass frits was obtained with an average yield of 62%. Exact values are displayed in Table 1.

To investigate particle size distribution trend of fabricated glass frit, particle size analysis (PSA) was performed. Figure 3a–f show a similar graph trend and mean particle volume at D (10), D (50) and D (90). Average volumes are exhibited as 2.241 μm for D (10), 12.07 μm for D (50) and 36.275 µm for D (90). Those values had a maximum error of 2.46%, 4.08% and 3.71%, respectively. Such PSA result implies that the glass frit fabrication process for recycling the waste glass has reliability to be applied in a practical application.

PSA results of glass frit under the same condition. (a–f) Specimens 1 to 6.

SEM image of glass frit in Fig. 4a visually shows a result consistent with PSA results. Particles with a size of around 12 μm similar to size of D (50) mainly occupied the volume, with many smaller particles occupying the remaining volume. To figure out the exact composition of waste glass, EDS analysis was performed, as shown in Fig. 4b–f. Results revealed that Si, Ca, Na, O, K were detected as main components. Those are usually used in soda-lime glass which is regarded as a re-usable glass. The soda-lime glass contains both sodium and calcium and is well known as the most commonly used glass in our daily life. Such a glass material may vary significantly in glass transition temperature and transmittance according to sodium oxide and calcium oxide content. Therefore, additional analyzes were required to establish the PiG manufacturing process and prove that it is a suitable material.

(a) SEM images of fabricated glass frit. (b–f) EDS mapping images.

In order to find further characteristic and sintering temperature, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was performed. As shown in Fig. 5a, an obvious endo-thermal at a temperature of 630 °C was observed. This sole peak existed for the whole temperature range. This result implies that the temperature at this peak is melting temperature (Tm). Based on the analysis, the sintering temperature was determined, and PiGs were fabricated. Figure 5b shows results of transmittance analysis of the glass disk fabricated by melting the prepared glass frit. As shown in the graph, the glass disk performed an excellent transmittance of over 85% for the whole wavelength above UV region of 320 nm. This result also supports the possibility of glass recycling and application for PiG fabrication.

(a) DSC analysis result of glass frit. (b) Transmittance of fabricated glass disk.

To manufacture a PiG using waste glass, we selected YAG: Ce3+ as a yellow phosphor and Ca-α-SiAlON as an amber phosphor. Figure 6 shows the results of evaluating the photoluminescence characteristics of the two selected phosphors and PiGs prepared using these phosphors. As shown in Fig. 6a,b, both phosphors excited with a wavelength of 450 nm in the blue region (see excitation spectra left curves), and each phosphor also showed emission bands centered at about 530 nm and 600 nm by the excitation source. These emission spectra are attributed to the 5d1–4f transition of Ce3+ (see Fig. 6a, right curve) and the 4f65d–4f7 transition of Eu2+ (Fig. 6b, right curve), respectively26,27. In addition, the fact that there is no difference from the unique optical properties of the powder when manufactured with PiG confirms that the phosphor does not react with the glass composition, and the structure does not collapse during the sintering process28.

PL analysis of (a) YAG: Ce3+ powder and yellow PiG and (b) Ca-α-SiAlON powder and amber PiG.

PiGs were manufactured using waste glass with selected phosphors. XRD pattern analysis was performed to evaluate whether the structure of the phosphor was destroyed due to internal reaction during the manufacturing process. In XRD results shown in Fig. 7, the broad diffraction for an amorphous glass of the soda-lime glass was detected in the range of 25°–50° for the two PiGs, and XRD powder diffraction patterns of phosphors were clearly revealed. This result suggested that the phosphor maintains the structure well without collapsing inside the glass. In addition, the results of point EDS analysis to confirm that the phosphor is well maintained inside the glass material are shown in Fig. 8a,b. As a result of analyzing the composition of the portion presumed to be the phosphor particles, each phosphor component was accurately detected.

XRD patterns of fabricated yellow (a) and amber (b) PiGs.

Point EDS results of yellow and amber PiGs, respectively.

In order to analyze optical characteristics of PiGs successfully manufactured using waste glass, a blue-chip package test was conducted. Figure 9a shows a schematic diagram of automotive lighting applications that can be applied when modularized with a blue LED-based light converter. Figure 9b,c show results of optical properties measured in the integrating sphere by packaging PiGs manufactured in size of 1.375 mm2 with a blue LED chip. Yellow and amber PiGs had luminous flux values of 117 lm and 73 lm under 350 mA driving current, respectively. As shown in Fig. 9d,e, the Blue-Yellow LED device realized color coordinates that matched white LED standards and the Blue-Amber LED device realized color coordinates that could be applied to side turn lamps.

(a) Application example of fabricated PiGs (b), (d) Package test result of Yellow PiG (c), (e) Package test result of Amber PiG.

In summary, to broaden the recycling field of waste glass to reduce raw material consumption, we pulverized waste glass to fabricate PiG. Waste glass, which was difficult to be used for its original purpose due to scratches and cracks in the produced glass, was pulverized to an average particle size of 12 µm through coarse grinding and fine grinding. Based on the glass transition temperature obtained through DSC analysis, sintering conditions of PiGs were optimized and yellow and amber PiGs were successfully prepared. Under blue LED excitation, yellow PiG showed luminous flux of 117 lm and (0.3079, 0.3159) color coordinates and amber PiG showed luminous flux of 73 lm and (0.5613, 0.4203) color coordinates. We demonstrated the excellent value of waste glass utilization in the field of remote phosphors, and we believe that this will be a stepping stone for overcoming limitations in the field of recycling.

The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34180-1

Chung, W. J. & Nam, Y. H. Review—A review on phosphor in glass as a high power LED color converter. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 9, 016010 (2019).

Article ADS Google Scholar

Gaffuri, P. et al. Potential substitutes for critical materials in white LEDs: Technological challenges and market opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 143, 110869 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Hou, Q. Q., Zhang, P. X., Zhang, M. F., Lu, Z. W. & Ren, X. Z. Development of the research on high-power WLEDs. Adv. Mater. Res. 158, 42–51 (2010).

Article Google Scholar

Li, M. et al. Cr3+ doped ZnGa2O4 far-red emission phosphor-in-glass: Toward high-power and color-stable plant growth LEDs with responds to all of phytochrome. Mater. Res. Bull. 108, 226–233 (2018).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Park, J. Y., Lee, W. C., Chung, J. W. & Yang, H. K. Phosphor-in-glass (PiG) plates for blue laser diode driven white-light emission. J. Alloys Compd. 842, 155922 (2020).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Wang, L. et al. Realizing high-brightness and ultra-wide-color-gamut laser-driven backlighting by using laminated phosphor-in-glass (PiG) films. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 1746–1754 (2020).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Cantore, M. et al. High luminous flux from single crystal phosphor-converted laser-based white lighting system. Opt. Express 24, A215-221 (2016).

Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Lin, H. et al. Phosphor-in-glass for high-powered remote-type white AC-LED. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 21264–21269 (2014).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Song, Y. H. et al. Fabrication design for a high-quality laser diode-based ceramic converter for a laser headlamp application. Ceram. Int. 44, 1182–1186 (2018).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Chen, D. et al. Advances in transparent glass–ceramic phosphors for white light-emitting diodes—A review. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 35, 859–869 (2015).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Zhang, R. et al. A new-generation color converter for high-power white LED: Transparent Ce3+:YAG phosphor-in-glass. Laser Photonics Rev. 8, 158–164 (2014).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Huang, J. et al. Facile synthesis of a thermally stable Ce3+:Y3Al5O12phosphor-in-glass for white LEDs. CrystEngComm 17, 7079–7085 (2015).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Wang, F. et al. Introduction on the fabrication technique of phosphor in glass by tape-casting and investigation on the chromaticity property. Opt. Express 22(Suppl 5), A1355–A1362 (2014).

Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar

Chen, H. et al. Chromaticity-tunable phosphor-in-glass for long-lifetime high-power warm w-LEDs. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 8080–8089 (2015).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Shih, H. K., Liu, C. N., Cheng, W. C. & Cheng, W. H. High color rendering index of 94 in white LEDs employing novel CaAlSiN3: Eu2+ and Lu3Al5O12: Ce3+ co-doped phosphor-in-glass. Opt. Express 28, 28218–28225 (2020).

Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Zhong, J. et al. Stable and chromaticity-tunable phosphor-in-glass inorganic color converter for high-power warm white light-emitting diode. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36, 1705–1713 (2016).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Ling, T.-C. & Poon, C. S. Spent fluorescent lamp glass as a substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar. J. Clean. Prod. 161, 646–654 (2017).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Shi, C. & Zheng, K. A review on the use of waste glasses in the production of cement and concrete. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52, 234–247 (2007).

Article Google Scholar

Wang, H.-Y. The effect of the proportion of thin film transistor–liquid crystal display (TFT–LCD) optical waste glass as a partial substitute for cement in cement mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 25, 791–797 (2011).

Article Google Scholar

Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Lancellotti, I., Leonelli, C. & Manfredini, T. Recycling of industrial wastes in ceramic manufacturing: State of art and glass case studies. Ceram. Int. 42, 13333–13338 (2016).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Gu, F., Guo, J., Zhang, W., Summers, P. A. & Hall, P. From waste plastics to industrial raw materials: A life cycle assessment of mechanical plastic recycling practice based on a real-world case study. Sci. Total Environ. 601–602, 1192–1207 (2017).

Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar

Tam, V. W. Y. & Tam, C. M. A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 47, 209–221 (2006).

Article Google Scholar

Ling, T.-C., Poon, C.-S. & Wong, H.-W. Management and recycling of waste glass in concrete products: Current situations in Hong Kong. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 70, 25–31 (2013).

Article Google Scholar

Yang, S., Lu, J.-X. & Poon, C. S. Recycling of waste glass in cement mortars: Mechanical properties under high temperature loading. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 174, 105831 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Liang, G. et al. Reuse of waste glass powder in alkali-activated metakaolin/fly ash pastes: Physical properties, reaction kinetics and microstructure. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 173, 105721 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Hu, S. et al. Luminescence characteristics of the Ce3+-doped garnets: The case of Gd-admixed Y3Al5O12 transparent ceramics. Opt. Mater. Express 5, 2902–2910 (2015).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Xie, R.-J. et al. Optical properties of Eu2+ in α-SiAlON. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 12027–12031 (2004).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Mou, Y., Yu, Z., Lei, Z., Chen, M. & Peng, Y. Enhancing opto-thermal performances of white laser lighting by high reflective phosphor converter. J. Alloys Compd. 918, 165637 (2022).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2021R1F1A1061508 and NRF-2022R1F1A1062836). This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the International Cooperative R&D program (Project No. P0022394). This research was supported by "Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)" through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021RIS-004). Following are results of a study on the "Leaders in INdustry-university Cooperation 3.0" Project, supported by the Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation of Korea.

These authors contributed equally: Seung Hee Choi, Seok Bin Kwon and Jung Hyeon Yoo.

Lighting Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea

Seung Hee Choi, Bo Young Kim & Young Hyun Song

School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea

Seok Bin Kwon, Jung Hyeon Yoo & Dae Ho Yoon

Force4, Gwangju, 61009, Republic of Korea

MinYoung Na, HoShin Yoon & Seoung Hyok Park

Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea

Bong Kyun Kang

Department of Display Materials Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea

Bong Kyun Kang

Fraunhofer Research Institution for Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS, Brentanostrasse 2a, Alzenau, 63755, Hermsdorf, Germany

Isabel Kinski

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Writing—draft: S.H.C., S.B.K., J.H.Y., Conceptualization: S.H.C., M.Y.N., H.S.Y., S.H.P., Visualization: S.B.K., J.H.Y., Theoretical interpretation: S.H.C., S.B.K., I.K., B.Y.K., Review and edit: B.K.K., D.H.Y., Y.H.S.

Correspondence to Bong Kyun Kang, Dae Ho Yoon or Young Hyun Song.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original online version of this Article was revised: In the original version of this Article Seung Hee Choi, Bo Young Kim and Young Hyun Song were incorrectly affiliated with ‘Mobility Lighting Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea’. The correct affiliation is ‘Lighting Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju 61007, Republic of Korea.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

Choi, S.H., Kwon, S.B., Yoo, J.H. et al. Fabrication of phosphor in glass using waste glass for automotive lighting application. Sci Rep 13, 4456 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27685-2

Download citation

Received: 17 October 2022

Accepted: 05 January 2023

Published: 17 March 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27685-2

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.